Augmented neuromuscular training system and method

ABSTRACT

An augmented neuromuscular training system and method for providing feedback to a user in order to reduce movement deficits associated with injury risk, prior injury or disease pathology.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

The present application is a continuation of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 15/811,513, filed Nov. 13, 2017, which claims priority to U.S.Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/420,119, filed Nov. 10, 2016,the disclosures of which are expressly incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE

The present disclosure relates to an augmented neuromuscular trainingsystem and method, and more particularly, to a system and method formodifying movement deficits associated with injury risk, prior injury ordisease pathology, such as risk factors for anterior cruciate ligamentinjuries in athletes through real-time visual feedback.

Movement deficits associated with injury risk, prior injury or diseasepathology present a significant medical concern. For example, anteriorcruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are a growing public health problem inthe United States, with associated healthcare costs exceeding $2 billionannually. Females are more likely to incur an ACL injury, and in recentyears adolescent females (i.e., 14-17 year olds) have experienced thelargest increase in ACL injury rate. A large amount of research hasinvestigated and identified several potential risk factors for ACLinjuries in females. Prevention of ACL injuries has emerged as apriority, but current injury prevention programs suffer from severalproblems, such as noncompliance and limited reductions in injury risk,and thus fail to adequately address the rising rates of ACL injuries.

A long-term goal is to reduce injuries due to movement deficits andrestore the debilitating sequelae associated with prior injury ordisease. Experience supports that there is a potential to reduce andrepair aberrant biomechanics via regimented (i.e., non-targeted)neuromuscular training combined with subjective, delayed (i.e.,delivered after the movement or exercise) verbal feedback. Moreparticularly, experience indicates that objective, real-time,individualized (i.e., targeted), analytic-driven biofeedback improves onprevious methods by inducing immediate neuromuscular adaptations thattransfer across tasks. The system and method of the present disclosuresupports the central tenant that sensorimotor biofeedback will improvelocalized joint mechanics and reduce global injury risk inevidence-based measures collected in laboratory tasks and in realistic,sport-specific virtual reality scenarios. The overall objective of thispresent disclosure is to implement and test innovative augmentedneuromuscular training (aNMT) techniques to enhance sensorimotorlearning and more effectively reduce movement deficits including, forexample, biomechanical risk factors for ACL injury. Such aNMTbiofeedback illustratively integrates biomechanical screening with auser display of real-time feedback. The feedback maps complexbiomechanical variables onto simple visual stimuli that participantsintuitively “control” via their own movements. The rationale is thateffective biofeedback will improve the potential to decelerate injuryrates.

An objective of the system of the present disclosure is to determine theefficacy of aNMT biofeedback to improve movement deficits associatedwith realistic tasks of daily living and human performance. Moreparticularly, an objective of the illustrative system including aNMT(neuromuscular training+targeted, real-time biofeedback) is to yield agreater response as assessed through enhanced adaptation relative to asham cohort (neuromuscular training exercises but with shambiofeedback).

A further objective of the system of the present disclosure is todemonstrate the efficacy of aNMT biofeedback to improve transfer ofbiomechanical adaptations to realistic human movement with actionsperformed in fully immersive virtual reality. More particularly, anobjective of the illustrative system is to aim tests for improvedmechanics during realistic, sport-specific actions performed inhigh-fidelity, free-ambulatory, immersive virtual environments. Afurther objective is to demonstrate that aNMT biofeedback producesgreater transfer of improved mechanics in realistic immersive virtualreality scenarios compared to sham biofeedback.

Additional features and advantages of the present invention will becomeapparent to those skilled in the art upon consideration of the followingdetailed description of the illustrative embodiment exemplifying thebest mode of carrying out the invention as presently perceived.

SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

The present disclosure relates to a real-time feedback system and methodthat targets and improves the movement biomechanics associated withdesirable movement techniques and human performance. The real-timefeedback system of the present disclosure is configured to overcomeproblems associated with prior injury prevention programs by utilizingobjective feedback that: (1) can be provided largely independent of anexpert's (e.g., a physical therapist) presence and active involvementwith individual athletes, (2) is interactive and personalized which mayenhance athlete motivation and compliance, (3) may improve learning andperformance by directing athletes' attentional focus to an externalsource, and (4) engages implicit motor learning strategies that mayresult in faster learning and improved transfer.

The illustrative real-time visual feedback system of the presentdisclosure is designed so that objective information about multiplebiomechanical variables related to ACL injury risk can be displayedconcurrently in real-time to participants. These biomechanical variablesare illustratively an assortment of kinematic and kinetic variables,some which are determined through inverse dynamics, and may be known asrelated to injury risk. As these variables change dynamically throughoutparticipant movements, the feedback display is updated relative to thesemovements and displayed to participants in real time. The displayessentially uses the current values of the biomechanical variables andmaps them to the display through a predetermined influence on ageometric stimulus shape and a set gain parameter that determines themagnitude of the influence of the biomechanical variable on the changein the shape. Participants receive this real-time feedback during theperformance of simple exercise (e.g., bodyweight squats), with theirinstruction being to perform the squat in such a way as to make thestimulus shape as rectangular as possible. The system and method of thepresent disclosure includes not only pragmatic advantages such asremoving the need for detailed feedback from an expert, but the feedbackdesign and presentation is based on fundamental theoretical principlesin perception-action that may be promising for injury prevention, humanperformance and rehabilitation interventions.

The illustrative aNMT system and method of the present disclosure takesadvantage of well-studied linkages between sensory perception and motorcontrol to enable athletes to achieve complex movements by “controlling”the shape of a feedback stimulus. aNMT biofeedback is created bycalculating kinematic and kinetic data in real-time from the athlete'sown movements. These values determine real-time transformations of thestimulus shape the participant views via a user interface duringmovement performance. The participant's task is to move so as to create(“animate”) a particular stimulus shape that corresponds to desiredvalues of the biomechanical parameters targeted by the intervention.Further, the illustrative aNMT system and method is a self-guided,self-organized process; it is not explicitly coached and thesensorimotor adaptations are learned implicitly. Additionally, theillustrative aNMT system and method automates the delivery of targetedand analytic-driven biofeedback. This will remove reliance on specificinjury prevention and biomechanical specialists to support feedbackdelivery. The cumulative advancements are expected to significantlyenhance the effectiveness and efficiency of current injury preventionapproaches.

Based on principles of motor learning, aNMT biofeedback is expected toimprove retention and transfer of desired adaptations to injuryprevention adaptations to realistic human performance and activities ofdaily living.

The illustrative aNMT system and method is significant, innovative andrepresents a new and substantive departure from the status quo throughthe introduction of real-time, analytic-driven, personalized, visualbiofeedback optimized for neuromuscular training. By targeting theunderlying sources of maladaptive movement strategies with prophylacticbiofeedback interventions during the periods when biomechanical deficitsevolve, it is expected to improve movement and/or reduce the occurrenceof bodily injuries. The illustrative aNMT system and methodillustratively utilizes rapidly processed visual feedback and effectiveimplementation strategies, based on individualized movement deficitbiomechanical profiles. The logical connection of individualizedmovement deficits with the most beneficial intervention will optimizeinjury prevention and rehabilitation strategies of the future. The useof scientifically validated, objective biofeedback positions us to makea large impact on sport injury prevention training and rehabilitationfor all movement disorders, and has utility for preventive strategiesrelated to other common injuries. Beyond the benefits of immediatereduction in health care costs, reduced injuries and betterrehabilitation would promote continued health benefits achieved throughactive lifestyles and avoid subsequent complications of osteoarthritisin all ages and populations.

According to an illustrative embodiment of the present disclosure, anaugmented neuromuscular training system for providing real-time feedbackto a participant performing exercises includes a biomechanicalacquisition system, and a motion analysis and feedback system incommunication with the biomechanical acquisition system. Thebiomechanical acquisition system is configured to track movement of theparticipant and generate a biomechanical data structure includingposition data indicative of the movement of the participant. The motionanalysis and feedback system includes a controller configured to receivethe biomechanical data structure from the biomechanical acquisitionsystem. The controller includes an exercise processing sequence forgenerating a stimulus data structure in response to the biomechanicaldata structure. A user interface is in communication with the motionanalysis and feedback system and includes a display visible to theparticipant. This display includes a goal reference and a graphicalstimulus having a boundary that is defined by the plurality of stimuluscoordinate points. The plurality of stimulus coordinate points aredefined by the stimulus data structure.

According to another illustrative embodiment of the present disclosure,a motion analysis and feedback system is in communication with thebiomechanical acquisition system, and includes a controller configuredto receive a biomechanical data structure from the biomechanicalacquisition system. The controller includes an exercise processingsequence for generating a stimulus data structure in response to thebiomechanical data structure, and for defining a plurality of stimuluscoordinate points. A user interface is in communication with thecontroller and includes a display visible to the participant, thedisplay including a goal reference and a graphical stimulus having aboundary that is defined by the plurality of stimulus coordinate points.

According to another illustrative embodiment of the present disclosure,a user interface for use with a motion analysis and feedback systemincludes a display visible to the participant, the display including agoal reference and a graphical stimulus having a boundary that isdefined by at least six stimulus coordinate points. A stimulus datastructure includes a plurality of biomechanical variables identified asinjury risk factors and/or aberrant movement strategies. The graphicalstimulus is a rectangle in an initial configuration. The relativepositions of at least one of the stimulus coordinate points isconfigured to vary relative to the goal reference in response to thebiomechanical variables, such that a size and the shape of the graphicstimulus varies in response to the biomechanical variables.

Additional features and advantages of the present invention will becomeapparent to those skilled in the art upon consideration of the followingdetailed description of the illustrative embodiment exemplifying thebest mode of carrying out the invention as presently perceived.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The detailed description of the drawings particularly refers to theaccompanying figures in which:

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an illustrative augmented neuromusculartraining system of the present disclosure;

FIG. 2 is view of representative markers for tracking participants'movements by the illustrative biomechanical acquisition system of FIG.1;

FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a participant wearing representativemarkers and user interface of FIG. 1;

FIG. 4 is a partial participant view through the representative userinterface of FIG. 3;

FIGS. 5A-5F are views of representative stimulus outputs displayed onthe user interfaces in the system of FIG. 1;

FIGS. 6A and 6B are plots of illustrative output used to derive shamfeedback;

FIG. 7A is a representation of different body positions of a participantduring an illustrative squat exercise;

FIG. 7B is a representation of different heat maps showing movementpatterns represented by stimulus shapes associated with the bodypositions of FIG. 7A;

FIG. 8A is a heat map representing squatting performance duringreal-time biofeedback trials;

FIG. 8B is a graph showing the heat map scores from the heat map of FIG.8A;

FIG. 9 is a representative output plot of knee abduction as a functionof stance;

FIGS. 10A-10F are illustrative views of calculation of biomechanicaldeficits and associated biofeedback represented for each specificcalculated input;

FIG. 11 is a plan view of an illustrative graphical user interface (GUI)screen of the operator interface of FIG. 1;

FIG. 12 is a flow chart of an illustrative operation of the illustrativeaugmented neuromuscular training system of FIG. 1;

FIG. 13 is a table of representative function modules of the motionanalysis and feedback system of FIG. 1;

FIG. 14 is a table of illustrative function calls executed by the motionanalysis and feedback system of FIG. 1;

FIG. 15 is a table of illustrative data structures of the motionanalysis and feedback system of FIG. 1;

FIG. 16A is a plan view of the illustrative graphical user interface(GUI) screen of the operator interface of FIG. 11 in an initialconfiguration;

FIG. 16B is a flowchart representing operation of the illustrative GUIscreen of FIG. 16A in the initial configuration;

FIG. 17A is a plan view of the illustrative graphical user interface(GUI) screen of the operator interface of FIG. 11 in an squat exerciseconfiguration;

FIG. 17B is a flowchart representing operation of the illustrative GUIscreen of FIG. 17A in the squat exercise configuration;

FIG. 18A is a plan view of the illustrative graphical user interface(GUI) screen of the operator interface of FIG. 11 in a squat jumpexercise configuration;

FIG. 18B is a flowchart representing operation of the illustrative GUIscreen of FIG. 17A in the squat jump exercise configuration;

FIG. 19A is a plan view of the illustrative graphical user interface(GUI) screen of the operator interface of FIG. 11 in a pistol squatexercise configuration;

FIG. 19B is a flowchart representing operation of the illustrative GUIscreen of FIG. 18A in the pistol squat exercise configuration;

FIG. 20A is a plan view of the illustrative graphical user interface(GUI) screen of the operator interface of FIG. 11 in an overhead squatexercise configuration;

FIG. 20B is a flowchart representing operation of the illustrative GUIscreen of FIG. 19A in the overhead squat exercise configuration;

FIG. 21A is a plan view of the illustrative graphical user interface(GUI) screen of the operator interface of FIG. 11 in a shamconfiguration;

FIG. 21B is a flowchart representing operation of the illustrative GUIscreen of FIG. 21A in the sham configuration;

FIG. 22 is a plan view of another illustrative embodiment GUI screen ofthe operator interface of FIG. 1;

FIG. 23A is a plan view of another illustrative embodiment GUI screen ofthe operator interface of FIG. 1;

FIG. 23B is a flowchart representing operation of the illustrative GUIscreen of FIG. 23A;

FIG. 24A is a representation of marker representations for use with theillustrative GUI screen of FIG. 23A;

FIG. 24B is a flowchart representing operation of the markerrepresentations of the illustrative GUI screen of FIG. 24A; and

FIG. 25 is a plan view of another illustrative embodiment GUI screen ofthe operator interface of FIG. 1.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For the purposes of promoting an understanding of the principles of thepresent disclosure, reference will now be made to the embodimentsillustrated in the drawings, which are described herein. The embodimentsdisclosed herein are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit theinvention to the precise form disclosed. Rather, the embodiments arechosen and described so that others skilled in the art may utilize theirteachings. Therefore, no limitation of the scope of the claimedinvention is thereby intended. The present invention includes anyalterations and further modifications of the illustrated devices anddescribed methods and further applications of principles in theinvention which would normally occur to one skilled in the art to whichthe invention relates.

Augmented Neuromuscular Training System

With initial reference to FIG. 1, an illustrative augmentedneuromuscular training system 10 of the present disclosure is configuredto provide real time visual feedback to a participant. Moreparticularly, the training system 10 is illustratively configured toprovide a method for modifying movement deficits associated with injuryrisk, prior injury or disease pathology, such as modifying risk factorsfor anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries in athletes, throughreal-time visual feedback of biomechanical data.

Illustratively, the augmented neuromuscular training system 10 includesa biomechanical acquisition system 12 configured to receivebiomechanical data from a user or participant 14, and in communicationwith a motion analysis and feedback system 16. As further detailedherein, the motion analysis and feedback system 16 receives signalsrepresentative of motion of the user 14 and provides real-time visualfeedback to the user 14 in the form of a stimulus 18 on a user interface20. As further detailed herein, the stimulus 18 may be simultaneouslydisplayed on an operator interface 22.

The biomechanical acquisition system 12 illustratively comprises amotion analysis system including a plurality of user markers 24 worn bythe participant 14 and configured to be detected by an image acquiringdevice 26. A motion acquisition controller 28 receives the relativepositions of the markers 24 as detected by the image acquiring device26, and is configured to generate a biomechanical data structure (e.g.,a three dimensional (3D) model) based upon such position data.

The motion acquisition controller 28 is illustratively operably coupledwith a motion analysis and feedback controller 30. The motion analysisand feedback controller 30 is in communication with a memory 34 andillustratively includes a microprocessor configured to executed machinereadable instructions stored in the memory 34. A user display connector36, illustratively a wireless transceiver, provides communicationbetween the motion analysis and feedback controller 30 and the motionacquisition controller 28.

The illustrative visual feedback stimulus 18 may be constructed andpresented to participants in real time using an assortment of hardwareand software (see FIGS. 1 and 2). Illustratively, the thirty reflectivemarkers 22 were supported on, or worn by, each participant 14. The imageacquisition device 24 illustratively comprises a multi-camera Raptor-Emotion capture system (available from Motion Analysis Corp. of SantaRosa, Calif.). Each cameral illustratively includes a flash or strobethat emits light to reflect off of the markers 22. It should beappreciated that the type of image acquisition device 24 may vary,including video cameras that do not require markers 22 to be worn by theparticipant 14. Additionally, the number and placement of cameras mayvary.

With reference to FIGS. 2 and 3, illustrative markers 24 may consist ofa variety of permanent markers 24 a, temporary markers 22 b and virtualmarkers 22 c. Permanent markers 22 a are fixed to the participant 14during the duration of the exercise. Temporary markers 22 b are removedfrom the participant 14 before the end of the exercise. An illustrativeprocedure for generating the biomechanical data structure includesconstructing a biomechanical model consisting of a static motion capturelasting approximately 1 second, during which specific landmarks on thebody were identified by placement of the permanent and temporary markers24 a and 24 b (see FIG. 2). The landmarks, when paired with permanentmarkers 24 a that remained on the body during the squat movement, wereused to create virtual markers 24 c through simple geometrical offsetsperformed in the Cortex 5.3 program (Motion Analysis Corp., Santa Rosa,Calif.). The virtual markers 24 c may replace markers 24 that werefrequently occluded during participant movements. During the squatmotion for example, the torsos of participants may occlude the twoanterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) markers 24 required for calculatingthe hip joint centers. Using the location of the posterior superioriliac spine (PSIS) markers 24 (which were very rarely occluded) and thebiomechanical model, the program was able to interpolate the position ofthe ASIS markers, and subsequently, the centers of the hip joints. Thisprocess increases the quality and robustness of the real-time feedback,as this illustratively permits the feedback to be updated at a rate of20 Hz (every 50 ms) without any detectable problems in theresponsiveness of the display relative to participant movement.

The biomechanical acquisition system 12 illustratively further includesleft and right load or force sensors 38 a and 38 b. Illustratively, theforce sensors 28 a and 28 b comprise two embedded BP600900 forceplatforms (available from AMTI of Watertown, Mass.) to collect separateground reaction forces from each foot of the participant 14. The datarecorded by the sensors 28 a and 28 b may be integrated and synchronizedvia Cortex (available from Motion Analysis Corp. of Santa Rosa, Calif.).The synchronized data (i.e., biomechanical data structure) is thenrelayed to the motion analysis and feedback system 16 for generating thevisual feedback or stimulus 18 on the user interface 20. An illustrativeprogram used to generate the visual feedback display, including stimulus18, is a custom-written C++ program designed in Microsoft Visual StudioProfessional 2015 (Microsoft Corp., Redmond, Wash.) and incorporatingOpenGL (Khronos Group, Beaverton, Oreg.) as the graphics applicationinterface. This program, as further detailed herein, is stored in memory34 and is responsible for importing the live data stream from the CortexSDK and exporting the finished visual display on the user interface 20to participants 14.

The user interface 20 illustratively includes goggles or glasses 40including a visor or display screen 42 configured to be supported on thehead the participant 14 and provide visible instructions or feedback tothe participant 14 (including the stimulus 18). A speaker 44 may also besupported by the googles 40 to provide audible feedback to theparticipant 14. The user interface 20 further illustratively includes abattery 46 configured to supply power to the display 42 and the speaker44. A transceiver 48 is illustratively supported by the user interface20 and is configured to provide wireless communication between the userinterface 14 and the user display connector 36, and thereby the motionanalysis and feedback controller 30, of the motion analysis and feedbacksystem 16. One illustrative user interface 20 may be HoloLens, mixedreality smartglasses available from Microsoft of Redman, Wash. While theillustrative user interface 20 is shown being worn by the participant14, it should be appreciated that other types of displays may beutilized, including a TV screen, a projector screen, a monitor, a smartphone, a tablet, a laptop screen, a virtual reality headset, anaugmented reality headset, etc.

Visual Feedback Stimulus

With reference to FIGS. 5A-5F, the illustrative real-time visualfeedback display or stimulus 18 is shown in the form of a geometricshape, illustratively a boundary 50 in the form of a rectangle definedby six stimulus coordinate points (50 a-50 f) when the stimulus is in aninitial or default configuration (FIG. 5A). The coordinates of thepoints 50 are illustratively defined as a function of kinematic andkinetic variables identified as ACL-injury risk factors. Thebiomechanical variables illustratively may include trunk lean,knee-to-hip moment ratio (KHMr), knee abduction moment (KAM), andvertical ground reaction force (vGRF) ratio. Each variable has aspecific effect on the feedback display or stimulus 18. The task of theparticipant 14 is to keep the shape of the boundary 50 as close to arectangle as possible. A reference goal 54 is also illustrativelyprovided on the display to provide a reference for the participant andaid her in maintaining the rectangular shape of the stimulus 18. Moreparticularly, an outline of the shape's corners as defined by coordinatepoints one, two, four, and five (52 a, 52 b, 52 d, and 52 e) remainwhile participants perform the exercise and are shown as the referencegoal 54 in FIGS. 5B-5F.

During the start of an exercise, the stimulus 18 is in an initial ordefault configuration. Illustratively, the stimulus 18 in this initialconfiguration has the shape of a rectangle. This shape is depicted inFIG. 5A and is illustratively defined by stimulus coordinate points onethrough six (52 a-52 f). It should be appreciated that more or fewerstimulus coordinate points 52 may be used based upon the desiredfeedback and resolution thereof.

The display 42 also illustratively also includes a count or repetition(rep) indicator 56. The rep indicator 56 illustratively includes aplurality (e.g., ten) of grey circles 58 towards the bottom of thestimulus 18. The circles 58 are used for counting the number ofexercises (e.g., squats) within a block or set. As participantsperformed each exercise (e.g., squat), the circles 58 change appearance(e.g., from grey to green).

A height indicator 60 may also be shown on the display 42 in cooperationwith the stimulus 18. The height indicator 60 may be a backgroundrectangle including an upper edge 62 that may be raised and lowered asthe biometric data structure process by the motion analysis and feedbacksystem 16 indicates that the participant is lowering her body. Depictedin FIGS. 5B-5E are the illustrative effects of the trunk lean, KHMr,KAM, and vGRF variables, respectively. In FIG. 5F, the upper edge 62 ofthe lighter background rectangle or height indicator 60 is shown loweredfrom its maximum height (displayed in FIGS. 5A-5E) as a participant 14performs the downward movement of a squat exercise. Accordingly, theupper edge 62 of the height indicator 60 will move upward as theparticipant 14 begins to rise back up.

Trunk lean is illustratively defined as the angle of deviation from themidline of the body. Changes in trunk lean cause the stimulus 18 to leanto the respective side (FIG. 5B). The KHMr variable is illustrativelydefined as the ratio of the knee inverse dynamics moment to the hipinverse dynamics moment. Ratios with values larger than 1 (i.e., kneemoment>hip moment) resulted in the stimulus increasing in overall size(the desired outcome). The opposite was true for ratios smaller than1—the stimulus 18 decreased in overall size (see FIG. 5C). The overallvalue of the KHMr variable was determined by averaging the KHMr value ofthe right and left sides of the body. The KAM variable was defined asthe knee inverse dynamics moment and would cause the stimulus to pinchin the middle when there was excessive valgus and to expand in themiddle when there was excessive varus (see FIG. 5D); however, thestimulus 18 displayed a greater sensitivity to the knee moments withexcessive valgus, as it has been shown to be a greater risk factor thanexcessive varus. Unlike the averaged effect of the KHMr variable, theKAM value of each knee separately affected their corresponding side ofthe stimulus. The vGRF ratio variable was defined as the ratio of theamount of force measured by the left and right force platforms in thevertical directions. A greater force magnitude measured by eitherplatform caused the respective bottom and top corners to lower while thecorners on the side with a lower force magnitude rose proportionally(see FIG. 5F).

In addition to the previously described variables, the number ofexercises (e.g., squats) performed by a participant may be tracked by avariable measuring the knee flexion-extension. For example, a squat maybe considered complete when a participant 14 achieves a knee angle below90° during the squat and then returns to the original standing position(see FIG. 5F). This variable may be visually displayed to participants(separately from the rectangular feedback stimulus 18) through themovement of a lighter-colored rectangle 60 behind the primary feedbackdisplay shape 50. As a participant 14 squats into a lower position, theheight of the background rectangle 60 decreases. Upon completing asquat, the counter 56 was incremented by changing the color of asuccessive circle 58 on the display 42. A target line for participants'knee angles may also be displayed at the bottom of the backgroundrectangle 60.

Real-Time Biofeedback Trials

An exemplary study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of areal-time biofeedback stimulus 18 that maps to a comprehensive movementprofile for reducing biomechanics related to ACL injury risk. Thestimulus 18 maps on to a wider range of biomechanical variables (e.g.,knee, trunk, hip, etc.) than previous biofeedback investigations (e.g.,knee only). To compare real-time biofeedback to traditionalinterventions, a novel sham feedback apparatus was designed to limit theamount of useful feedback information available to participants duringtraining of squat movements. It was hypothesized that participants wouldelicit significantly greater squatting performance, as indexed through anovel heat map analysis, throughout acquisition and during retention(mid and post testing) when using real-time biofeedback compared to thesham feedback stimulus. This heat map system can be used to provideparticipant with a movement score for each of the exercises. In thisexample, the area that is not captured with desired movement over theperiod of exercise would be deducted from a referenced perfect score andprovide an objective assessment of the movement quality for particularset of exercise. This information would be following a movement trainingsession with the aNMT system 10.

Twenty participants were recruited to participate in the exemplary study(M age=19.7±1.34 yrs; M height=1.74±0.09 m; M weight=72.16±12.45 kg).All participants were female collegiate athletes Participants had nohistory of neurological disorders (including any neuromusculardisabilities), musculoskeletal disabilities or disorders, or balanceproblems. Participants were free of any injuries within the last fiveyears that impaired movement or the ability to stand.

The provided example of real-time feedback display used in the study wasdesigned so that objective information about multiple kinematic andkinetic variables related to ACL injury risk could be displayedconcurrently and in real time to participants. The stimulus was designedspecifically to map onto a wider range of biomechanical variables (e.g.,knee, trunk, hip, etc.) than previous biofeedback investigations thatwere isolated to a single variable (e.g., knee only). The shape of thedisplay was a simple, two-dimensional rectangle defined by six points(see FIG. 5A). The vertical and horizontal coordinates of these pointswere defined as a function of four kinematic and kinetic variablespreviously identified as ACL-injury risk factors, each having a uniqueeffect on the feedback display (see FIGS. 5B-5E): (1) lateral trunkflexion, (2) knee-to-hip joint moment of force ratio (KHMr), (3) kneeabduction moment of force (KAM), and (4) vertical ground reaction forceratio (vGRF). The current values of the biomechanical variables weremapped via the geometric shaped stimulus 18 of the display (i.e., arectangle), and as these variables changed dynamically throughout theparticipants' movements, the feedback display was updated relative tothese changes and displayed to the participants in real time. Thefeedback shape of the stimulus 18 was thus not only changing inreal-time but was interactive in that it responded immediately andreliably to participants' movements.

Table 1 below summarizes each variable's definition, optimal value, andeffect on the stimulus 18:

TABLE 1 Description of the biomehcanical variables and their effects onthe feedback simulus Goal Variable Acronym Definition Effect on StimulusValues Lateral Trunk — The angular deviation of the The stimulus “leans”to the 0° Flexion trunk in the frontal plane from respective sides Themidline of the body Knee-to-Hip KHMr The ratio of the internal knee Thestimulus decreases in 1 Joint Moment extensor joint moment of size forratios larger than 1 Of Force force to the internal hip and increasesfor ratios Extensor joint moment smaller than 1 Knee KAM The externalknee abduction The stimulus “pinches” in ON Abduction joint moment offorce the middle as the moment Moment of increases and expands Forcewhen it decreases Vertical vGRF The ratio of the amount of Imbalances inforce cause 1 Ground force measured by the left and the stimulus tolower and Reaction Force right force platforms in the raise theappropriate Ratio vertical directions corresponding sides

The participants 14 in the study were instructed to squat so as to keepthe stimulus shape as close to a perfect, symmetrical rectangle aspossible. This was achieved by moving so as to produce optimum values(i.e., values associated with low ACL injury risk) of the aforementionedvariables, but participants were not told that and the biomechanicalvariables and their optimum values were not explained to them. As thevalues of the variables neared or fell within optimum ranges specific tothe given variable(s), a more symmetric rectangle was obtained;alternatively, the rectangle became systematically distorted byincreasing amounts as the values of the variables deviated from theoptimum values.

The number of squats performed by the participant 14 was tracked by avariable measuring knee flexion angle. A squat was considered “complete”when a participant 14 achieved a knee flexion angle below 90° during thesquat and then returned to the original standing position (see FIG. 5F).This variable was visually displayed to participants (separately fromthe feedback rectangle just described) through the movement of alighter-colored rectangle behind the primary feedback display shape. Asa participant 14 squatted into a lower position, the height of thebackground rectangle decreased. Ten circles situated below the rectangleserved as a counter representing the number of “completed” squats, whichwould change colors from grey to green once participants had completed afull squat motion (i.e., participants were standing upright afterperforming the squat).

In addition to the real-time feedback display just described, a feedbackdisplay was also developed for the sham condition. The real-time andsham feedback displays presented identical stimulus shapes thatresponded, at least in part, to the same biomechanical parameters.However, the sham feedback was designed to limit the amount of usefulfeedback information available to participants during the squatmovements. This was accomplished using a stepwise gain manipulation(FIGS. 6A and 6B). Movements not critical to the targeted biomechanicalparameters during a squat (i.e., movements occurring close to thestart/end points of squat movements) caused the sham display to respondnearly equivalently to participant movement (and thus nearlyequivalently to the real feedback condition), but the influence of thebiomechanical variables on the stimulus shape during the importantphases of the squats were progressively eliminated from the stimulus,such that at the bottom of the squat movement the sham feedback stimulusdeviated from the goal shape as a function of random noise, not from themovements of participants (i.e., it provided little to no actualfeedback). This specific type of sham feedback was utilized tofacilitate similar phenomenological responses to that of theexperimental stimulus without promoting movement directly associatedwith reduced ACL injury risk.

FIGS. 6A and 6B display the technique used to derive the sham feedback.The bottom plot (FIG. 6B) is a sample time series of a single squat repperformed during a sham trial. Specifically, the mid-shoulder marker 24is illustrated. The top plot (FIG. 6A) depicts how the signal-to-noiseratio (i.e., how much of the stimulus movement was driven by participantmovement or noise) corresponds to a particular movement stage of asquat.

FIG. 7A illustrates a participant 14 performing a single rep of a squatexercise. Shape of the aNMT stimulus 18 corresponds to performance ofthe repeated squat (stimulus 18 of FIG. 4 corresponds to the fourthskeleton panel of FIG. 7A). Analytic feedback represents undesirableslight lateral trunk flexion, knee valgus and GRF asymmetry (right legbearing more weight). The feedback is presented as if viewing frombehind to avoid the need for mirror-image cognitive processing of themovement.

Participants' movements were recorded using the image acquiring device26 as detailed above, illustratively a 10-camera motion capture system(Raptor-E, Motion Analysis Corp., Santa Rosa, Calif.) sampling at 240Hz. In conjunction with the motion capture system, two force sensors 38as detailed above (embedded force platforms 38 (BP600900, AMTI,Watertown, Mass.) sampling at 1200 Hz) were used to collect groundreaction force from each foot from the participant 14 and weresynchronized with the motion system 26. The synchronized markertrajectory and force data were accessed via a custom software programincluding machine readable instructions stored in memory 34 and executedby controller 30 that was designed to calculate and map the abovevariables to generate the visual feedback display or stimulus 18.

The visual display 42 was wirelessly transmitted from a desktop computerto participants using an ARIES Pro Wireless HDMI Transmitter andReceiver 36 (Nyrius, Niagara Falls, ON, Canada). The ARIES Pro iscapable of transmitting uncompressed 1080p signals up to 160 feet with alatency of <1 ms, which allowed for maximum mobility of participantswithout degradation of feedback quality. Participants viewed thereal-time feedback through a pair of video eyewear glasses 40 (Wrap 1200DX-VR; Vuzix Corp., Rochester, N.Y.), which had a 60 Hz screen refreshrate (a new frame appeared approximately every 16.67 ms). The glasses 40presented the feedback display or stimulus 18 in a fixed positionrelative to the participants' eyes and encompassed their entire field ofview. Both the ARIES Pro and glasses 40 were powered by a portablebattery pack 46 (PowerGen Mobile Juice Pack 12000; PowerGen, Kwai Chung,Hong Kong, PRC). The wireless transmitter 48 and battery pack 46 werestored in a modified hydration pack designed for running (CamelBakProducts, LLC, Petaluma, Calif.). The backpack provided minimalinterference to natural movement as it held the equipment securelyagainst the body and was relatively small (length×width×height: 33 cm×27cm×7.6 cm).

In order to compare the effects of the real-time and sham feedbackdisplays, an AB/BA or two-treatment crossover design was utilized. Asthe name implies, half of the participants received one condition first(e.g., ‘A’) and another condition second (e.g., ‘B’), while the otherhalf of participants received the two identical conditions but in theopposite order. We randomly assigned participants to one of two groups:real-time biofeedback first (i.e., ‘A’) or sham feedback first (i.e.,‘B’). First, participants completed a block of 10 squats without anyfeedback (pre-test). Then, participants completed four blocks of 10squats using their assigned condition (i.e., real-time biofeedback orsham) (acquisition phase 1). Before switching to the next feedback type,a block with no feedback was administered (mid retention test) followedby four blocks of 10 squats using the opposite feedback type as used inacquisition phase 1 (acquisition phase 2). Finally, participantscompleted a block of 10 squats without any feedback (post retentiontest). In total, each participant completed 110 squats-40 trainingsquats for each feedback type (80 total) and 10 squats during each testperiod (30 total; see FIG. 2). Participants were permitted breaksbetween blocks as necessary.

Each participant 14 was outfitted with 30 retroreflective markers 24,with a minimum of three tracking markers 24 on each segment, and thebackpack containing the wireless transmitter and battery pack. Markerswere placed on the sacrum between the L5 and S1 vertebrae, andbilaterally on the acromio-clavicular joint, anterior superior iliacspine, posterior superior iliac spine, greater trochanter, mid-thigh,medial and lateral femoral condyles, tibial tubercle, lateral and distalaspects of the shank, and medial and lateral malleoli, the heel, andcentral forefoot (between the second and third metatarsals). After theinitial experimental preparation, all participants 14 received identicalinstructions about the squat exercise. The instructions werepurposefully kept very basic as to allow for implicit discovery of howtheir movements related to the stimulus shape during the squat exercise;they were told only to “maintain the goal stimulus shape and size asclosely as possible” and, as a secondary instruction, “to squat tosufficient depth”, as indicated by the depth indicator and circlecounter at the bottom of the stimulus. Participants were also asked tokeep their arms crossed in front of their chest and to avoid coveringany markers. A set of squats was considered complete once all tencircles' colors changed from grey to green, indicating that tensufficiently deep squats were performed. If participants were unable tointuitively achieve the appropriate depth, they were explicitlyinstructed that they must squat lower. This happened solely during thefirst feedback trial that participants experienced; no participantsneeded to be reminded again after the first trial. No other instructionswere provided regarding the squats or the stimulus 18.

The recorded raw, three-dimensional marker positions, ground reactionforces, and center of pressure acquired from both feet were firstexported from Cortex and imported into MATLAB for preprocessing.Preprocessing consisted of visual inspection of a virtual mid-shouldermarker (defined as the averaged position of the left and right shouldermarkers) for each squat trial (pre-, mid-, and post-test and trainingtrials). During the visual inspection, time series of the mid-shouldermarker's vertical position were plotted and trimmed. Only the portionsof a trial where the participant was performing a squat were retainedfor analysis. All other marker and force data were trimmed according tothe time points that were identified from the mid-shoulder marker. Thisprocedure resulted in a time series for each squat rep across everysquat set.

n order to quantify participants' ability to control the stimulus shape,heat map analysis was performed on the squat data during the middle fourtraining sets and on “reconstructed” feedback shapes obtained from theraw position and force data in the pre- and post-test sets. The heatmaps provided a global assessment of squatting performance by indicatinghow the movement patterns of the biomechanical variables associated withACL injury related to the target feedback shape (i.e., a rectangle).Specifically, the heat maps portrayed the percentage of time a definedspace was occupied by the feedback stimulus. The heat map analysisconsisted of two steps: (1) the construction of the heat maps and (2)the calculation of each heat map's correctly occupied space. Heat mapswere created using the MATLAB function inpolygon. The calculation ofeach heat map's correctly occupied space consisted of first calculatingthe proportion of occupied space within the goal stimulus and thencalculating the proportion of occupied space outside of the goal shape.The proportion of occupied space outside of the goal shape was finallysubtracted from the proportion of occupied space within the goalstimulus. The possible results of this operation range from −1.00 to1.00. A score of −1.00 indicated that the stimulus never occupied acorrect location in the display while always occupying an incorrectlocation. A score of 1.00 indicated a stimulus shape never deviated fromthe goal shape and size, which meant that the relevant biomechanicalparameters were achieving the desired optimal values associated withlower injury risk. These scores are transformed and presented aspercentages in the following sections for ease of interpretation withhigher percentages indicating better squatting performance.

In order to test for varying levels of fatigue caused by differences inthe number of squats performed by each participant group, the totalnumber of squats performed by the real- and sham-first feedback groupswere compared using an independent samples t-test. This step wasnecessary because participants required a few squat repetitions in orderto explore and determine the appropriate squat depth, which may or maynot have affected participants' fatigue level and subsequent squattingperformance.

To assess squatting performance, each trial block was first averaged toproduce a single heat map percentage score. Then, to assess differencesin squatting performance during training (i.e., visual feedbackpresent), separate 2 (condition)×4 (trial block [1, 2, 3, 4]) mixedANOVAs with repeated measures on the last factor were conducted foracquisition phase 1 and acquisition phase 2. To assess learning (i.e.,when visual feedback absent), a 2 (order)×3 (test phase; pre-test,mid-test, post-test) mixed ANOVA with repeated measure on the lastfactor was conducted. Bonferroni adjustments were used when appropriateand an alpha level of p<0.05 indicating significance was selected apriori.

FIG. 7B are heat maps showing the movement patterns represented as aNMTstimulus shapes. Panels 1-6 (left to right) show proportion of time thefeedback shape occupied an area of the total display (white=0, red=1)for a representative subject. Panels 1 & 6 depict the pre- andpost-tests, respectively, when no feedback was provided. Panels 2-4 arethe four training sets when feedback was provided. Panel 7 shows thegroup post-pre shape difference (7.7% overall; red=most change)—how andwhere aNMT improved squatting biomechanics. Trunk lean, VGRF asymmetry,and knee abduction moment improved prominently. The preliminary datausing aNMT system 10 indicate an 8% group reduction in stimulus deficitmapping (FIG. 7A) and reduced knee frontal plane load (FIG. 9) can beachieved in a single aNMT session. Importantly, these preliminary dataalso show significant transfer to positive adaptations (increased kneeflexion angle) during a power-based, dynamic jumping task.

Heat map analyses have revealed that participants' mean improvement inthe produced stimulus shape (i.e., more closely resembled the optimalshape) from the pre- to post-test blocks was 7.70%. This improvement wassignificant, t(10)=6.63, p<0.01, with scores rising from an average of77.17% (SD=3.80%) in the pretest to an average of 84.87% (SD=3.12%) inthe posttest. Additionally, participants demonstrated a trend ofincreasing heat map scores over the four feedback training blocks.Participants produced an average heat map score of 78.76% (SD=3.40%),80.91% (SD=2.20%), 81.65% (SD=1.57%), and 85.71% (SD=2.11%) for feedbackblocks one through four, respectively. See FIG. 8A for a singleparticipant representative example of heat map analysis and FIG. 8B forrepresentative group means.

There were no significant differences in the number of squats performedbetween the real-first feedback group (M=111.80, SD=7.15) and thesham-first feedback group (M=114.30, SD=5.76), t(18)=0.86, p=0.40. Therewere no significant differences in overall squatting performance asmeasured by the heat map percentage scores for condition or trial block,nor a condition×trial block interaction during acquisition phase 1 orphase 2 (all p>0.05). Thus, we averaged the heat map percentage scoresacross the eight trial blocks for each condition respectively andperformed a paired-samples t-test to assess differences during trainingper feedback type. That test revealed that squatting performance duringthe real-time biofeedback trials (M=60.73%, SD=6.47%) was better thanduring the sham feedback trials (M=56.62%, SD=8.42%), t(19)=3.06,p=0.006. There were no significant differences in squatting performancefor order or trial block, nor an order×trial block interaction duringthe three test phases that assessed learning. Thus, the availability ofthe interactive feedback shape during the squat training trials wasbeneficial to performance compared to when only the sham stimulus wasavailable.

An objective of the illustrative study was to determine theeffectiveness of a real-time biofeedback system compared to a shamfeedback system for improving biomechanics related to ACL injury risk.Squatting performance, as measured through heat map analysis, wassignificantly better when participants interacted with the real-timebiofeedback system compared to the sham. The study makes three distinctinnovations. First, the illustrative system employed an interactive,real-time stimulus that implicitly guided performance while promoting anexternal focus of attention, factors which as noted previously have beenidentified as improving motor performance and learning. Second, theillustrative developed real time biofeedback system mapped multiplebiomechanical variables associated with ACL injury risk onto a singlestimulus. The illustrative system will be applicable for all similarfeedback approaches that target aberrant movement deficits that areassociated with other injury risk, prior injury and pathology. Unlikeprevious systems that are isolated to one factor such as kneeabduction/adduction, the system uniquely presents participants with aglobal biomechanical profile associated with movement deficits and, inthis case, ACL injury risk including lateral trunk flexion, knee-to-hipjoint moment of force ratio, knee abduction moment of force, andvertical ground reaction force. Third, the inclusion of the shamfeedback system demonstrated that any increased engagement or motivationassociated with real-time biofeedback is not alone sufficient to improveperformance, but an accurate mapping from kinematics and kinetics to thefeedback is necessary for performance gains.

The results of this study suggest that ACL injury prevention,rehabilitation programs and human performance could be improved byintegrating a real-time, interactive biofeedback stimulus that engages acontrol of external feedback methodology. Prevention programs could usethis stimulus to improve performance of prophylactic exercises, whichmay lead to decreased ACL injury risk. Likewise, following an ACLinjury, our approach may be particularly beneficial as a rehabilitationtool for those in the recovery stages. An external focus of attentionhas already demonstrated efficacy for those who have undergone ACLreconstruction (Gokeler et al., 2015) and our stimulus elicited asimilar benefit without the need for an expert to deliver instruction.The integration of new factors associated with ACL injury risk suggeststhat it may also be possible to design similar real-time biofeedbacksystems to target other movement dysfunction. For example, previousinvestigations using real-time biofeedback for gait retraining maybenefit by integrating further factors to supplement previously seenmotor skill improvements.

The illustrative method of the present disclosure of deliveringaugmented feedback departs from traditional methods in that it can bedelivered to subjects in real-time through the use of multipleintegrated technologies. The force plate data and lower extremity jointposition data generated from the 3D passive optical motion capturesystem are delivered to a central hub for integration. The data areprocessed via a custom pipeline to determinemulti-planar/multi-dimensional biomechanical measures of interest andthen telemetrically streamed to the smart-eye headset to optimize systeminteraction and negate latency between data input and visual displayoutput. The desired outcome for participants to achieve while performingeach of the intervention exercises is to move so as to produce arectangular shape and make the shape as large as possible. This isachieved when each of the targeted biomechanical variables is at thedesired value. Deviations of the variables from desired values result inspecific and systematic changes to the feedback shape: 1) Lateral trunkflexion causes the object to lean to the respective side (FIG. 10A), 2)Inverse dynamics were used in this example to determine the hip to kneesagittal plane moment ratio; reduced relative hip moment contributionsshrink the shape and larger ratios make it bigger (FIG. 10B), 3) Kneeabduction moment changes cause the stimulus to pinch (excessive valgus)or expand (excessive varus) at the middle (FIG. 10C), 4) Foot positionchanges the width of the stimulus base; feet too close together causethe base to be narrower than the top and too far apart cause it to bewider than the top (FIG. 10D), 5) VGRF asymmetry causes the corner ofincreased load to drop (FIG. 10E), and 6) The stimulus translates leftor right if landing position deviates laterally from a target on thefloor (FIG. 10F). The feedback stimulus appearance changes in real-timeaccording to the values of these biomechanical variables as the athleteperforms the exercise.

FIGS. 10A-10F illustrate the calculation of biomechanical deficits andthe associated biofeedback represented for each specific calculatedinput. The trunk lean configuration of the stimulus 18 as shown in FIG.10A is a result of angular displacement of the acromioclavicular jointmarker relative to the anterior superior iliac spine marker in thefrontal plane. The knee to hip moment configuration of the stimulus 18as shown in FIG. 10B is a result of inverse dynamics moment ratiocalculated as hip to knee sagittal plane moment. The knee abductionmoment configuration of the stimulus 18 as shown in FIG. 10C is a resultof inverse dynamics moment determination from the magnitude anddirection of the ground reaction force relative to the knee joint centerin the frontal plane. FIG. 10D illustrates the foot placementconfiguration of the stimulus 18 which results from the width betweenthe right and left ankle joint centers relative to the width between hipjoint centers in the frontal plane. Finally, the landing positionconfiguration of the stimulus of FIG. 10F is displacement of the anklejoint centers from the starting position in the frontal plane.

After receiving basic instruction about how to accomplish the exercises,athletes must discover the movement pattern that produces a stimulusshape as close to the desired rectangle as possible and maintain thestimulus in a large rectangular shape as best as she can on eachrepetition. No explicit directions will be provided to athletes on theirmovement other than instruction to achieve the goal “rectangle” shape.Based on our preliminary studies, we expect that the aNMT protocol willbe especially beneficial to an athlete who can respond to self-guided,implicit learning strategies to correct multiple deficits that arelikely cumulative in the exacerbation of injury risk. Given theautomated, objectively prescribed mapping between the athlete and thestimulus, there is no interaction between the technician and thestimulus during aNMT delivery. This ensures blinding of the technician.

Virtual Reality (VR) may be an effective tool utilized with the systemand method of the present disclosure to analyze training transfer torealistic motion, including sport related, performance. Unlike outdoormotion capture solutions, VR offers a fully standardized, controlledenvironment and, in combination with untethered/unencumbered freedom ofmovement, can induce a sense of immersion to facilitate athleteresponses that parallel real-world sport responses. VR scenarios mayprovide controlled environments uniquely equipped to test sport-specificskill transfer following aNMT intervention. These scenarios utilizesport-specific tasks in virtual environments, embedded in the sport'scontext, that require strings of neuromuscular training-specificmovements to accomplish sport-relevant task goals. This allowsassessment of training transfer to the biomechanics of maneuvers thatmap onto specific neuromuscular training tasks. It also enablessystematic development of biomechanical profiles across a variety ofsport-specific events and stimuli.

System Operation and Operator Interface

In the following description, reference will be made to the operatorinterface 22 of FIG. 11, the system flow chart of FIG. 12, the filemodules or processing sequences of FIG. 13, the executable files orfunctions of FIG. 14, and the data structures of FIG. 15. Software,including machine readable code, is executed within processors of themotion acquisition controller 28 and the motion analysis and feedbackcontroller 30. With reference to FIG. 12, the illustrative processstarts at the program start step (block 110), where the controller 30executes processing sequence “stimulusXML.cs”. This file module servesas the main entry point for the software and is responsible for mainlogic and program organization.

The process continues to block 112, where the controller 30 executesprocessing sequences “Point.cs” and “UserHandler.cs”. Processingsequence “Point.cs” is responsible for manipulations preformed on thestimulus coordinate points, such as resetting them to original valvesand/or averaging multiple frames. Processing sequence “UserHandler.cs”is responsible for tracking individual user information, such as groupassignment, demographic and anthropometric data, exercise progression,individual gains, scores, etc. The executable files are further shown aslabels 15.A through 15.E in FIG. 14.

At the input stream step (block 114), the biomechanical data structuresare received from the biomechanical acquisition system 12. Moreparticularly, the biomechanical acquisition system samples data at block116 from the imaging acquiring device 26 and the force sensors 38. Thecontroller 28 then generates the biomechanical data structures(“bioM_Data”). These biomechanical data structures are then transmittedat block 118 to the motion analysis and feedback system 16 at block 114.As noted above, the motion acquisition controller 28 may be Cortex.Processing sequence “amnt.cs” is responsible for establishing aconnection to the source of the biomechanical data structures, importingthe data structures, and terminating the connection to the data source(i.e., biomechanical acquisition system). The executable files arefurther shown as labels 1.A through 1.C in FIG. 14.

At step 2 (block 120), the process continues by executing processingsequences “AudioHandler.cs” and “tracker.cs”. Processing sequence“AudioHandler.cs” is responsible for audio control of the program. Forexample, this processing sequence illustratively selects a randomencouragement audio clip and/or an appropriate warning audio clip to bebroadcast by the speaker of the user interface. The audio clip isillustratively played based upon input from the “Tracker.cs” processingsequence, which is responsible for tracking participant movements andcalculating anthropometic data. Illustratively, input to the“Tracker.cs” processing sequence includes biometric data structures,while output includes data about participants and their respectivemovements. The executable files are further shown as labels 9.A through9.F in FIG. 14, with the associated source code shown in Appendix A1.

At step 3 (block 122), the process continues by executing processingsequences “RepCounter.cs” and “Score.cs”. Processing sequence“RepCounter.cs” is responsible for tracking the number of completedsuccessful and unsuccessful exercise repetitions. Input to thisprocessing sequence includes the biometric data structures, while outputincludes the number of completed successful and unsuccessful exerciserepetitions. The executable files are further shown as labels 11.Athrough 11.C in FIG. 14. Processing sequence “Score.cs” is responsiblefor tracking an individual participant's score. Input to this processingsequence includes current stimulus coordinates, while output is thetotal deviation of the current stimulus coordinates from the goalposition. The executable files are further shown as labels 12.A and 12.Bin FIG. 14.

At step 4 (block 124), the illustrative process continues based uponinput from the operator interface 22. As further detailed herein, one ofa plurality of different exercises may be selected, including overheadsquat, pistol squat, squat and/or squat jump. In response, thecontroller 30 executes an exercise processing sequence associated withthe selected exercise. All of the illustrative exercise processingsequences share a majority of the same source code (e.g., around 80%).There are additional functions between exercises and sham, for example,that will have some additional functions specific to that particularexercise/condition.

If the overhead squat exercise is selected at the operator interface 22,then the processing sequence “OH Squat.cs” is executed. This processingsequence generates the stimulus for training the overhead squat. Inputto this processing sequence includes variables to generate the stimulus(e.g., biomechanical data structures) along with gains input by theoperator. Output from this processing sequence includes the currentstimulus coordinates. The executable files are further shown as labels4.A through 4.L in FIG. 14, with the associated source code shown inAppendix A2.

If the pistol squat exercise is selected at the operator interface, thenthe processing sequence “Pistol Squat.cs” is executed. This processingsequence generates the stimulus for training the pistol squat. Input tothis processing sequence includes variables to generate the stimulus(e.g., biomechanical data structures) along with gains input by theoperator. Output from this processing sequence includes the currentstimulus coordinates. The executable files are further shown as labels7.A through 7.I in FIG. 14, with the associated source code shown inAppendix A3.

If the squat exercise is selected at the operator interface, then theprocessing sequence “Squat.cs” is executed. This processing sequencegenerates the stimulus for training the squat. Input to this processingsequence includes variables to generate the stimulus (e.g.,biomechanical data structures) along with gains input by the operator.Output from this processing sequence includes the current stimuluscoordinates. The executable files are further shown as labels 6.Athrough 6.J in FIG. 14, with the associated source code shown inAppendix A4.

If the squat jump exercise is selected at the operator interface, thenthe processing sequence “Squat Jump.cs” is executed. This processingsequence generates the stimulus for training the squat jump. Input tothis processing sequence includes variables to generate the stimulus(e.g., biomechanical data structures) along with gains input by theoperator. Output from this processing sequence includes the currentstimulus coordinates. The executable files are further shown as labels8.A through 8.J in FIG. 14. The associated source code is the same asthat for the squat exercise, with an added inAir tracker variable(returned from the function in the tracker class (“tracker.cs”)) torender its display.

The sham function is illustratively executed at step 5 (block 126). Moreparticularly the processing sequences “Sham.cs” and “ImportSham.cs” areexecuted. The “Sham.cs” processing sequence modifies the stimuluscoordinates by adding noise to the signal representing the biometricdata structure. Input to this processing sequence includes the stimuluscoordinates and a noise level input. Output from this processingsequence includes current sham stimulus coordinates. The executablefiles are further shown as labels 5.A through 5.D in FIG. 14, with theassociated source code shown in Appendix A5.

The “ImportSham.cs” processing sequence is responsible for importing arandomly selected text file consisting of the numerical values used tocreate sham feedback. Values from this processing sequence are used increating the sham stimulus. The executable files are further shown aslabel 2.A in FIG. 14.

The process then continues to step 6 (block 128) by executing processingsequences “XMLMap.cs” and “TCPServerXML.cs”. The “XMLMap.cs” processingsequence defines and constructs data structure to be used incommunicating between the displays of the operator interface and theuser interface and other portions of the program. Output from thisprocessing sequence are illustratively data structure used tocommunicate and operate the displays. The “TCPServerXML.cs” processingsequence is responsible for integrating and maintaining a connectionwith the displays of the operator interface and the user interface.Input includes information used in making a connection to the displaysof interfaces 20 and 22, while output includes stimulus values sent tothe displays of interfaces 20 and 22. The display connection is shown asblock 128 and is facilitated by execution of the processing sequence“DeformationHandler.cs” (which helps display the stimulus 18, but has aprimary function of interacting with the interfaces 20 and 22).

As further detailed herein, the stimulus coordinates as determined bythe exercise processing sequences will define the graphical stimulus 18shown on the displays of the interfaces 20 and 22. A participant 14 willattempt to maintain the stimulus 18 within the goal reference on thedisplay 42.

The illustrative operator interface 22 is shown in differentconfigurations in FIGS. 16A-21A. FIG. 16A is a plan view of theillustrative graphical user interface (GUI) screen 210 of the operatorinterface of FIG. 11 in an initial configuration. FIG. 16B is aflowchart representing operation of the illustrative GUI screen of FIG.16A in the initial configuration. As shown in FIG. 11, the illustrativeoperator interface 22 includes a display 210 including the stimulus 18,replicating that shown on the user display 42. A manager orconfiguration panel 212 includes options controlled by the processingsequence “GUIManager.cs” and corresponding executable instructions(functions 13.A-13.H and 15.A). The configuration panel 212 allows theoperator to modify gains and used exercise variables. A general optionpanel 214 includes options for connecting to the biomechanicalacquisition system 12 and the external display 42. The general optionpanel 214 also includes additional options for initializing calculationof anthropometric data (functions 9.A-9.G and 13.A-13.H). For example,the general option panel 214 includes buttons 238, 240, 242, 244, and246 for selecting different variables for use, and inputs 248, 250, 252,254, and 256 (including transform buttons and slide bars) for alteringgain of the selected variables.

As further shown in FIG. 16A, the operator interface 22 includes aplurality of options for connecting to the biomechanical acquisitionsystem 12 and user interface 20. More particularly, an address field 216is provided for entering the IP address of the biomechanical acquisitionsystem 12, illustratively the Cortex IP Address. A connect button 218 isprovided to connect the motion analysis and feedback system 16 to thebiomechanical acquisition system 12. An ID field 220 is provided forentering participant identification (e.g., number or name). A score onbutton 222 is provided for activating scoring of the stimulus, and atrial on button 224 is provided for starting the selected exercise. Anext set button 226, resets the system for a next set of exercises. Aswitch display button 228 may be provided to switch output betweendifferent displays 42 (should multiple displays 42 be available foruse). Any one of the plurality of different exercises may be entered bya drop down exercise field 236 (e.g., overhead squat, pistol squat,squat and/or squat jump).

Additional options are provided for initializing the calculation ofanthropometric data (functions: 9.A-9.G and 13.A-13.H). A foot widthbutton 230 is provided for calculating relative foot width of theparticipant 14 based on input from the force sensors 38. An enter weightbutton 232 and an enter height button 234 are provided for calculatingthe weight and the height of a participant 14, based on input from theforce sensors 38 and markers 24, respectively. More particularly, weightis measured from the force sensors 38, while height is determined by theposition (x, y, z) of the markers 24 attached to a participant's body.This information is illustratively provided by the biomechanicalacquisition system 12. While this is illustratively the Cortex program,it could be from any source capable of 3D tracking. The processingsequence “Tracker.cs” manipulates this data. These are generallyalgorithms contained in machine executable code to calculate the variousvariables.

With reference now to FIG. 16B, a method of operating the operatorinterface 22 in the initial configuration starts a block 310. Atdecision block 312, the controller 30 decides whether a connection hasbeen established with the biomechanical acquisition system 12. If not,the controller 30 returns and waits for such a connection. If aconnection has been made, then the process continues to a branch, wherevarious inputs may be received from the operator interface 22 shown inFIG. 16A. For example, input from the foot width button 230 may bereceived at block 314, where the program proceeds to function 9.c (FIG.14) at block 316. If input from the score on button 222 is received atblock 318, then the process proceeds to functions 12.a/12.b (FIG. 14) atblock 320. If an ID is entered in the field 220 at block 322, then thecontroller 30 continues to functions 15.a/15.b (FIG. 14) at block 324.If input is received by the enter weight button 232 at block 326, thenthe controller 30 continues to function 9.d at block 328. Similarly, ifinput is received by the enter height button 234 at block 330, then thecontroller 30 continues to function 9.e at block 332.

At decision block 334, the controller 30 determines whether the trial onbutton 224 has been activated. If no, then the controller 30 waits forfurther input. If yes, then the controller 30 waits for an exerciseselection at block 336. The exercise selection may be made at field 236shown in FIG. 16A. Exercise selections may include, for example, squat,squat jump, pistol squat, overhead squat, and/or sham.

If the squat exercise is selected at block 338, then the controller 30proceeds to function 6.a at block 340. If the squat jump is selected atblock 342, then the controller 30 continues to function 8.a at block344. If the pistol squat is selected at block 346, then the controller30 continues to function 7.a at block 348. If the overhead squat isselected at block 350, then the controller 30 continues to function 4.aat block 352. Finally, if sham is selected at block 354, then thecontroller 30 proceeds to functions 5.a/5.b at block 356.

FIG. 17A is a plan view of the illustrative graphical user interface(GUI) screen of the operator interface of FIG. 11 in a squat exerciseconfiguration. FIG. 17B is a flowchart representing operation of theillustrative GUI screen 210 of FIG. 17A in the squat exerciseconfiguration.

If the squat exercise is selected, the process continues to function 6.aat block 340. The controller 30 then looks for input from the variablesand gain section 212 of the operator interface 22. If trunk lean isentered at block 358, then a new function 6.c is executed at block 360.The controller 30 then inquires at block 362 if the transform button ofinput 248 has been activated. If not, the process continues to function6.g at block 366. If the transform button of input 248 has beenactivated, then the gain is transformed or modified at block 364. Moreparticularly, by activating the transform button of input 248 thecontroller 30 may make the feedback gains linear, quadratic or cubic.Additionally, manipulation of the slide bar of input 248 varies theamount of gain applied to the trunk lean variable. The process thencontinues to function 6.g at block 366.

At block 370, the controller 30 looks for VGRF input 258. If so, thenthe controller 30 continues to function 6.d at block 372. Again, thecontroller 30 then inquires at block 374 if the transform function hasbeen activated. If not, the controller 30 continues to function 6.h atblock 378. If the transform function has been activated, then the gainis transformed at block 376. The process continues to function 6.h atblock 378.

If knee button 242 is activated at block 380, then the controller 30continues to function 6.e at block 382. Again, the controller 30 thenasks at block 384 if the transform function has been activated. If not,the system continues to function 6.i at block 388. If the transformfunction has been activated, then the gain is transformed at block 386.The process continues to function 6.i at block 388.

Finally, if the knee/hip button 260 has been entered at block 390, thenthe function continues to block 6.f at block 392. Again, the controller30 then asks at block 394 if the transform function has been activated.If not, the controller 30 continues to function 6.j at block 398. If thetransform function has been activated, then the gain is transformed atblock 396. The process continues to function 6.j at block 398.

Following blocks 366, 378, 388 and 398, the process continues at block368, where function 16.d is executed causing data to be sent to thedisplays 42 and 210 (via processing sequence “TCPServerXML.cs”). Next,the number of reps are checked at block 400 (functions 11.a-11.c of FIG.14). At decision block 402, if the reps are greater than or equal to 10then the controller 30 continues to decision block 404, where thecontroller 30 inquires whether the score on 222 has been activated. Ifnot, then the controller 30 continues to the next set at block 408 wherethe number of reps is set to zero and the score is reset. If the scoreon 222 has been activated, then function 12.b is activated at block 406.Returning to decision block 402, if the number of reps is not greaterthan or equal to 10, then the controller 30 continues to audio decisionblock 410. If audio is not needed, then the controller 30 returns tofunction call 6.a at block 340. If audio is needed, then audio isselected at block 412 and audio is played by speaker 44 at block 414.

Based upon different flagged values in “amnt.cs”, Table 2 belowillustrates potential audio statements that may be played by speaker 44at block 414:

TABLE 2 Audio File Description Squat_Deeper Reminds a user to squatdeeper (lower) Reset_Feet Informs users that they need to realign theirfeet Slow_Down Informs a user that they are performing the exercise tooquickly Touch_Lightly Reminds user to touch the floor as lightly aspossible during pistol squat Keep_Bar_Up Informs user when they areincorrectly holding the bar during overhead squats Encourage#1Encourages user Encourage#2 Encourages user Reminder Reminds the user toaim for the goal stimulus shape Jump Informs a user that they need tojump higher during the squat jump

Turning now to FIGS. 18A and 18B, if the squat jump exercise is selectedat block 342 of FIG. 16B, then the controller 30 continues to function6.a at block 344. The controller 30 then looks for input from theoperator interface 22 in a manner similar to that detailed above inconnection with the flow chart of FIG. 16B. If trunk lean button 238 isactivated at input 416, then a new function 8.b is executed at block418. The controller 30 then inquires at block 420 if the transformbutton 248 has been activated. If not, the process continued to functioncall 8.g at block 424. If the transform button 248 has been activated,then the gain is transformed at block 422. The process continues tofunction 8.g at block 424.

If the VGRF button 258 is activated at input 428, then the controller 30continues to function call 8.d at block 430. Again, the controller 30then asks at block 432 if the transform function has been activated atinput 262. If not, the controller 30 continues to function call 8.h atblock 436. If the transform function has been activated, then the gainis transformed at block 434. The process continues to function call 8.hat block 436.

If the knee button 242 is activated at input 438, then the controller 30continues to function 8.e at block 440. Again, the controller 30 thenasks at block 442 if the transform function has been activated. If not,the controller 30 continues to function call 8.i at block 446. If thetransform function has been activated, then the gain is transformed atblock 444. The process continues to function call 8.i at block 446.

If the knee/hip button 260 is activated at block 448, then the processcontinues to function 8.f at block 450. Again, the controller 30 thenasks at block 452 if the transform function has been activated. If not,the controller 30 continues to function 8.j at block 456. If thetransform function has been activated, then the gain is transformed atblock 454. The process continues to function call 8.j at block 456.

If in-air input (biometric data from the markers 24 and/or force sensors38) is received at block 458, then the process continues to function 9.bat block 460. At block 462, the stimulus 18 is removed from the display210 (e.g., during the time that the user is detected as not being incontact with the force sensors 38).

Following blocks 424, 436, 446 and 456, the process continues, asdetailed above in connection with FIG. 17B, to block 368 for executingfunction 16.d.

Turning now to FIGS. 19A and 19B, if the pistol squat is selected as anexercise, then the controller 30 continues to function call 7.a at block348. The controller 30 then looks for input from the operator interface22 in a manner similar to that detailed above in connection with theflow chart of FIG. 16B. If trunk lean button 238 is activated at input464, then a new function 7.b is executed at block 466. The controller 30then inquires at block 468 if the transform button 248 has beenactivated. If not, the process continued to function call 7.i at block472. If the transform button 248 has been activated, then the gain istransformed at block 470. The process continues to function 7.i at block472.

If the pelvis button 266 is activated at input 474, then the controller30 continues to function call 7.e at block 476. Again, the controller 30then asks at block 474 if the transform function has been activated atinput 270. If not, the controller 30 continues to function call 7.g atblock 482. If the transform function has been activated, then the gainis transformed at block 480. The process continues to function 7.g atblock 482.

If the knee button 242 is activated at input 484, then the controller 30continues to function 7.c at block 486. Again, the controller 30 thenasks at block 488 if the transform function has been activated. If not,the controller 30 continues to function call 7.h at block 492. If thetransform function has been activated, then the gain is transformed atblock 490. The process continues to function 7.h at block 492.

If the hip button 268 is activated at block 494, then the processcontinues to function 7.d at block 496. Again, the controller 30 thenasks at block 498 if the transform function has been activated. If not,the controller 30 continues to function 7.f at block 502. If thetransform function has been activated, then the gain is transformed atblock 500. The process continues to function 7.f at block 502.

If a right leg input button 269 is activated, then based upon input fromthe force sensors 38, the controller 30 decides at block 504 whether theparticipant 14 is standing on her right leg. If not, then the processcontinues to block 506 where the controller 30 orients the stimulus 18for the participant's left leg. If so, then the process continues toblock 508 where the controller 30 orients the stimulus 18 for theparticipant's right leg.

Following blocks 472, 482, 492 and 502, the process continues, asdetailed above in connection with FIG. 17B, to block 368 for executingfunction 16.d.

Turning now to FIGS. 20A and 20B, if the overhead squat exercise isselected at the GUI, then the controller 30 continues to function 4.a atblock 352. The controller 30 then looks for input from the operatorinterface 22 in a manner similar to that detailed above in connectionwith the flow chart of FIG. 16B. If trunk lean button 238 is activatedat input 510, then a new function 4.d is executed at block 512. Thecontroller 30 then inquires at block 514 if the transform button 248 hasbeen activated. If not, the process continued to function call 4.h atblock 518. If the transform button 248 has been activated, then the gainis transformed at block 516. The process continues to function 4.h atblock 518.

If the VGRF button 258 is activated at input 520, then the controller 30continues to function call 4.e at block 522. Again, the controller 30then asks at block 524 if the transform function has been activated atinput 262. If not, the controller 30 continues to function call 4.k atblock 528. If the transform function has been activated, then the gainis transformed at block 524. The process continues to function call 4.kat block 528.

If the knee button 242 is activated at input 438, then the controller 30continues to function 4.f at block 532. Again, the controller 30 thenasks at block 534 if the transform function has been activated. If not,the controller 30 continues to function call 4.j at block 538. If thetransform function has been activated, then the gain is transformed atblock 536. The process continues to function 4.j at block 538.

If the knee/hip button 260 is activated at block 540, then the processcontinues to function 4.g at block 542. Again, the controller 30 thenasks at block 544 if the transform function has been activated. If not,the controller 30 continues to function 4.j at block 548. If thetransform function has been activated, then the gain is transformed atblock 546. The process continues to function call 4.j at block 548.

If the arm button 274 is activated at block 550, then the processcontinues to function 4.c at block 552. Again, the controller 30 thenasks at block 554 if the transform function has been activated. If not,the controller 30 continues to function 4.i at block 558. If thetransform function has been activated, then the gain is transformed atblock 556. The process continues to function call 4.i at block 558.

Following blocks 518, 528, 538, 548 and 558, the process continues, asdetailed above in connection with FIG. 17B, to block 368 for executingfunction 16.d.

If the sham function is selected, then the controller 30 continues tofunctions 5.a/5.b as shown in FIGS. 21A and 21B. The controller 30 looksfor input from the operator interface 22 in a manner similar to thatdetailed above in connection with the flow chart of FIG. 16B. If trunklean button 238 is activated at input 464, then a new function 6.c isexecuted at block 562. The controller 30 then inquires at block 564 ifthe transform button 248 has been activated. If not, the processcontinued to function call 6.g at block 568. If the transform input 248has been activated, then the gain is transformed at block 566. Theprocess continues to function 6.g at block 568.

If the VGRF button 258 is activated at input 570, then the controller 30continues to function call 6.d at block 572. Again, the controller 30then asks at block 574 if the transform function has been activated atinput 262. If not, the controller 30 continues to function 6.h at block578. If the transform function has been activated, then the gain istransformed at block 576. The process continues to function 6.h at block578.

If the knee valgus button 278 is activated at input 580, then thecontroller 30 continues to function 6.e at block 582. Again, thecontroller 30 then asks at block 584 if the transform function has beenactivated. If not, the controller 30 continues to function 6.i at block588. If the transform function has been activated, then the gain istransformed at block 586. The process continues to function 6.i at block588.

If added noise gain button 244 and slide bar 254 have been activated atblock 590, then function 5.b is executed at block 592. Similarly, if thesham on angle button 246 and slide bar 256 have been activated at block594, then function 9.a is executed at block 596.

The process continues to function 16.d at block 368. The sham isdisplayed at block 597, followed by execution of function 5.c at block598. The process then continues to block 402 in the manner detailedabove in connection with FIG. 17B.

FIG. 22 is a plan view of another illustrative embodiment operatorinterface 622 including a GUI screen 610. The screen 610 is similar toscreen 210 detailed above, but replaces individual demographic options(e.g., weight, height, and foot width) with a single “calculatemeasurements” button 612. It button 612 is selected, then a human figureimage 614 will be displayed in green. With reference to FIG. 23A, thescreen 610 permits an operator to create a new exercise. Moreparticularly, the operator may name a new exercise at field 616 and thenselect from a library of biomechanical and other variables in section618. The new exercise may then be exported. The controller 30 will alsoflag variables in section 620 that are not compatible with previouslyselected variables.

With reference to FIG. 23B, a method of flagging variables that are notcompatible begins at block 660 where function 6.a is executed. Next, atdecision block 662 the controller 30 asks whether the create newexercise button 663 on the screen 610 has been activated. If not, theprocess loops back to the decision block 662. If yes, then the processcontinues to block 664 where the controller 30 waits for user input ofvariables in section 618 of the screen 610. The process continues atdecision block 666 where the controller asks whether more than sixvariables have been selected. If not, then the controller 30 loads thecompatible list at block 668. If no, then the controller 30 returns toblock 664 and waits for additional operator input. At block 670, thecontroller 30 inquires about the compatibility of the operator selectedvariables by comparing them to a table stored in memory 34. If they arenot compatible, then the process returns to block 664 where a warningflag is provided to the user in section 620 of the screen 610. If thevariables are compatible, the process continues at block 400 in themanner detailed above.

FIG. 24A is a detailed view of the human figure image 614 of the screen610. The human figure image 614 may show representations 680 of displaymarkers 24 used to track human movement from the biomechanicalacquisition system 12. User defined marker sets can be imported andlinked to exercise variables, such as trunk lean. The markerrepresentations 680 may be in one of two states: tracked 680 a anduntracked 680 b. Tracked marker representations 680 a may be shown ingreen, while untrack marker representations 680 b may be shown in red.

FIG. 24B is a flowchart representing operation of the markerrepresentations 680 of illustrative GUI screen 610. Beginning a block650, the list of markers 24 is loaded into the memory 34 of the motionanalysis and feedback system 16. At block 652, the controller 30 checksto see if all markers 24 in the list are present. If yes, then allmarker representations 680 a are turned green on the display screen 610at block 654. If no, then the missing markers 24 are indicated by redmarker representations 680 b at block 656, while all remaining markers24 are indicated by green marker representations 680 a at block 658.

FIG. 25 is a plan view of another illustrative embodiment operatorinterface 622 including GUI screen 610. The screen 610 includes an addedImport Exercise button 682 which allows a user to import locally storeduser exercises and from user provided URLs.

An advantage of creating individualized feedback gains in the mannerdetailed above is that participants who perform atypically (e.g., belowor above an average level of performance) could interact with a stimulusdisplay that is tailored to her own needs. Effectively the gains couldbe used to increase or decrease the sensitivity of the display and,therefore, make it easier or more difficult to maintain the goalfeedback shape and size. The gains could then be adjusted over thecourse of training to introduce a progression of exercise difficulty asappropriate to a given individual's performance—as the participantmasters exercise form at one gain setting, the exercise could beprogressed to further challenge the participant to improve more. Theinitial individual gains could be determined from a statisticaldistribution of participant pre-test performances, where the location ofthe participant's performance relative to the distribution determinesthe feedback gains used to generate the feedback display. From the samedistribution it would also be possible to determine acceptable rangesfor the biomechanical variables. For example, it may becounterproductive to provide feedback on trunk lean values that arewithin ±1.0° of 0.0° (the trunk is almost negligible). Lastly,additional exercises could be programmed that target complementarybiomechanical variables, such as the single-leg Romanian deadlift. Theexercise is performed on a single leg, requiring that the personessentially bends over (at the waist) and touches the ground with theirfingers. This exercise may lead to greater trunk control, more stablehip joint dynamics, and improved balance beyond the effects of theunweighted squat.

The current interactive, real-time biofeedback system effectivelyengages implicit motor learning mechanisms and promotes an externalfocus of attention. The heat map results revealed a positive change inparticipants' squatting performance from the pre- to posttest period. Itis envisioned that the system of the present disclosure may provide amore efficient method for reducing ACL injury risk in high-risk athletepopulations.

Although the invention has been described in detail with reference tocertain preferred embodiments, variations and modifications exist withinthe spirit and scope of the invention as described and defined in thefollowing claims.

1. An augmented neuromuscular training system comprising: a sensor fortracking movement of a participant; a processor for generating abiomechanical data structure based on data obtained from the sensor; acontroller configured to generate a stimulus data structure based on agoal reference and a plurality of biomechanical variables from thebiomechanical data structure, wherein the stimulus data structureincludes a plurality of stimulus coordinate points configured to varyrelative to the goal reference in response to the plurality ofbiomechanical variables; and a display visible to the participant, thedisplay presenting a graphical stimulus defined by the plurality ofstimulus coordinate points and that is a geometric shape in an initialconfiguration.
 2. The training system of claim 1, wherein the sensor ispart of a mobile device.
 3. The training system of claim 2, wherein themobile device is one of a smartphone, a tablet, a virtual realityheadset, or a smartwatch.
 4. The training system of claim 2, wherein thegoal reference is one of a plurality of different exercise processingsequences for generating respective stimulus data structures in responseto different exercises performed by the participant.
 5. The trainingsystem of claim 1, wherein any of a size and a shape of the graphicalstimulus varies in response to the biomechanical variables.
 6. Thetraining system of claim 1, wherein the display includes a headsetconfigured to be worn by the participant, the headset including awireless receiver for communication with the controller.
 7. The trainingsystem of claim 5, wherein the headset further includes a speaker totransmit audible instructions from the controller to the participant. 8.The training system of claim 1, wherein the goal reference is one of aplurality of different exercise processing sequences for generatingrespective stimulus data structures in response to different exercisesperformed by the participant.
 9. The training system of claim 7, furthercomprising an operator interface in communication with the controller,the operator interface including the display and an operator input forselecting one of the different exercises.
 10. An augmented neuromusculartraining system comprising: a biomechanical acquisition system includinga sensor for tracking movement of a participant, and a processor forgenerating a biomechanical data structure based on data obtained fromthe sensor; a motion analysis and feedback system in communication withthe biomechanical acquisition system, the motion analysis and feedbacksystem including a controller configured to generate a stimulus datastructure based on a goal reference and a plurality of biomechanicalvariables from the biomechanical data structure, wherein the stimulusdata structure includes a plurality of stimulus coordinate pointsconfigured to vary relative to the goal reference in response to theplurality of biomechanical variables; and a display visible to theparticipant, the display presenting a graphical stimulus defined by atleast six of the stimulus coordinate points, wherein the at least sixstimulus coordinate points define more than one line.
 11. The trainingsystem of claim 9, wherein the sensor is part of a mobile device. 12.The training system of claim 10, wherein the mobile device is one of asmartphone, a tablet, a virtual reality headset, or a smartwatch. 13.The training system of claim 9, wherein any of a size and a shape of thegraphical stimulus varies in response to the biomechanical variables.14. The training system of claim 9, wherein the display includes aheadset configured to be worn by the participant, the headset includinga wireless receiver for communication with the controller.
 15. Thetraining system of claim 13, wherein the headset further includes aspeaker to transmit audible instructions from the controller to theparticipant.
 16. The training system of claim 9, wherein the goalreference is one of a plurality of different exercise processingsequences for generating respective stimulus data structures in responseto different exercises performed by the participant.
 17. The trainingsystem of claim 15, further comprising an operator interface incommunication with the controller, the operator interface including thedisplay and an operator input for selecting one of the differentexercises.
 18. A biomechanical data acquisition system, comprising: aplurality of user markers attached to a participant; an image acquiringdevice; and a controller configured to receive the relative positions ofthe markers and generate a biomechanical data structure based upon theposition data, wherein the biomechanical data structure is a threedimensional model.
 19. The biomechanical data acquisition system ofclaim 17, wherein the plurality of user markers are virtual markers. 20.The biomechanical data acquisition system of claim 18, wherein thevirtual markers are calculated based on a geometrical offset from aknown location.
 21. The biomechanical data acquisition system of claim19, wherein one of the virtual markers is attached to the user's hip.22. The biomechanical data acquisition system of claim 17, wherein thebiomechanical data structure comprises a plurality of biomechanicalvariables.
 23. The biomechanical data acquisition system of claim 21,wherein the plurality of biomechanical variables includes at least oneof the group consisting of trunk lean, knee-to-hip movement ratio, kneeabduction moment, and vertical ground reaction force ratio.